Terminološko tehnični slovar za velike pregrade | poglavje: GEOMORFOLOGIJA -TOPOGRAFIJA - GEOLOGIJA | podpoglavje: Geološke in druge terenske preiskave

Inženirska geologija

Engineering geology

Mehanika tal

Soil mechanics

Mehanika skale; mehanika hribin

Rock mechanics

Geološka struktura

Geologic structure

Skalna masa; hribina

Rock mass

Hribinska matrica; hribinska osnova

Rock matrix

Raziskava temeljenja

Foundation exploration; foundation investigation

Preperevanje

Weathering

Kamnine zemeljske skorje

Crustal rock

Zdrava hribina

Unaltered rock

Golica

Outcrop

Površinski sloj; odkrivka

Površinski sloj, odkrivka - Ves naravni material, ki prekriva skalo.

Overburden

Overburden - All materials which naturally overlie rock.

Humus

Humus-Površinski sloj zemlje, v kateri uspeva vegetacija.

Top soil

Top soil - Superficial soil in which vegetation can grow.

Disperzivna zemljina

Dispersive soil

Stisljiva zemljina

Compressible soil

Izpiranje

Washing

Vršaj

Alluvial cone

Aluvij; rečeni nanos

Aluvij ali rečni nanos - Zemljinski materiali, ki jih transportirajo reke, in se odlagajo v rečnih koritih.

Alluvium; fluvial deposit

Alluvium or Fluvial deposit-Soil-size materials transported by rivers and deposited in the river channel.

Koluvij

Koluvij
(1) Splošni izraz, ki se uporablja za katerokoli nevezano, heterogeno in nekoherentno gmoto zemljine in/ali skalnih delcev, ki se odlagajo z izpiranjem dežja, nalivov ali počasnim neprekinjenim plazenjem po pobočju, in se običajno nabirajo ob vznožju blagih pobočij.
(2) Aluvij, odložen z nekoncentriranim površinskim odtokom ali erozijo nalivov, običajno ob vznožju pobočij.

Colluvium

Colluvium
(1) A general term applied to any loose, heterogeneous and incoherent mass of soil and/or rock fragments deposited by rainwash, sheetwash or slow continues downslope creep, usually collecting at the base of gentle slopes or hillsides.
(2) Alluvium deposited by unconcentrated surface runoff or sheet erosion, usually at the base of a slope.

Eluvij

Eluvij - Zemljinski material na licu mesta, nastal z razpadanjem skale.

Eluvium

Eluvium - In situ soil-size materials from decomposed rocks.

Epigeneza

Epigenesis

Zemeljski plaz

Landslide

Počasno površinsko lezenje

Surface creep

Gostota; kompaktnost

Gostota, kompaktnost - Stanje kompaktnosti.

Compactness

Compactness - State of being compact.

Konsolidacija

Konsolidacija - Naravno usedanje ali dejavnost, ki ima namen učvrstiti, ojačiti ali povečati gostoto materiala.

Consolidation

Consolidation - Natural settlement or action which tends to solidify, strengthen or increase the density of a material.

Skalni obronek

Rock spur

Skalni podor

Rockfall

Grušč; pobočni grušč; melišče

Talus

Rezidualni material

Residual material

Pobočni grušč

Slope talus

Rečna terasa

River terrace

Stratigrafija

Stratigraphy

Plast; sloj

Stratum; layer

Plast

Bed

Plastovitost

Bedding

Smer (plasti)

Strike; trend

Vpad (plasti)

Dip

Prelom; razpoka

Fracture

Razpoka

Crack; fissure

Razpoka; stik

Joint

Temeljenje na razpokani hribini

Jointed foundation

Sistem razpok

Joint pattern

Strižna razpoka

Shear joint

Strižna površina

Shear surface

Klivaža; razkolnost

Cleavage

Skrilavost

Schistosity

Prelom

Prelom - Prelom ali prelomna cona v zemeljski skorji, vzdolž katere se je izvršil vzporedni relativni premik obeh strani v odnosu ene do druge. Na obeh straneh prelomne ploskve sta značilni: dvignjena in spuščena stran. Višinska razlika se imenuje: skok. Prelomna ploskev je lahko navpična (navpični prelom) ali nagnjena (nagnjeni prelom).

Fault

Fault - A fracture or fracture zone in the earth crust along which there has been parallel displacement of the two sides relative to one another. On both sides of the fault plane are distinguished: the upthrow side and the downthrow side. The difference in level is termed: throw. The fault plane may be vertical (vertical fault) or inclined (inclined fault).

Aktivni prelom

Aktivni prelom - Prelom poznan po tem. da je povzročil zgodovinski potres, ali pa kaže geološki dokaz o premikih v času holocena (11000 let). Zaradi njegove trenutne tektonske umiritve lahko pride do premikov v času predvidene življenjske dobe konstrukcij, ki jih gradi človek.

Active fault

Active fault - A fault known to have produced historical earthquakes or showing geologic evidence of displacements during Holocene period (11000 years). Because of its present tectonic setting, it can undergo movements during the anticipated life of man-made structures.

Normalni prelom

Normalni prelom - Nagnjeni prelom, pri katerem je prelomna ploskev nagnjena navzdol proti pogreznjeni grudi.

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Normal fault

Normal fault - Inclined fault in which the fault plane slopes down to the downthrow side.

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Reverzni (obrnjeni) prelom

Reverzni prelom - Nagnjeni prelom, pri katerem je prelomna ravnina prevesna v odnosu na pogreznjeno grudo.

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Reverse fault

Reverse fault - Inclined fault in which the fault plane overhangs the downthrow side.

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Smerni premik; zmik

Smerni prelom, zmik - Prelom, pri katerem je premik vzdolž prelomne ploskve v principu horizontalen (horizontalni skok).

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Strike-slip fault

Strike-slip fault - A fault in which the movement along the fault plane is principally horizontal (horizontal throw).

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Narivni prelom; krovni nariv

Narivni prelom, krovni nariv - Prelom, pri katerem gibajoča se hribina široko prekriva (je narinjena) stabilno podlago.

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Overthrust fault

Overthrust fault - A fault in which the moving ground overlaps largely (overthrust) the steady ground.

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Skok; vertikalni premik

Throw

Nariv

Thrust

Polnilo razpoke; polnilo preloma

Fault gouge (material); infilling material

Guba

Fold

Prečna žila (magmatske kamnine)

Dike; dyke

Sloj; proslojek

Seam

Leča

Lens

Raščena podlaga

Substratum

Podlaga; osnova

Basement; bottom; substratum

Potres

Earthquake; seism

Potresno tveganje; seizmično tveganje

Seismic risk; seismic hazard

Potresni sunek

Earth tremor; shake

Premikanje tal

Ground motion

Odgovor tal

Ground response

Maksimalni premik tal

Peak ground motion

Maksimalni pospešek tal

Peak ground acceleration

Potresna intenziteta; seizmična intenziteta

Potresna intenziteta; seizmična intenziteta - Individualna ocena potresne stopnje na določenem mestu, ki ga opravi izkušen opazovalec z opisnim merilom.

Seismic intensity

Seismic intensity - Subjective measurement of the degree of shaking at a specified place by an experienced observer using a descriptive scale.

Lestvica intenzitete; skala intenzitete

Lestvica intenzitete; skala intenzitete - Poljubna lestvica za opis stopnje potresa na določenem mestu, lestvica ne temelji na meritvah, temveč na oceni izkušenega opazovalca. Uporabljajo se različne lestvice (modificirana Mercallijeva, MSK lestvica), pri vseh pa so stopnje označene z rimskimi številkami od I do XII.

Intensity scale

Intensity scale - An arbitrary scale to describe the degree of shaking at a particular place. The scale is not based on measurement but on assessment by an experienced observer. Several scales are utilized (the Modified Mercalli scale, the MSK scale), all with grades indicated by Roman numerals from I to XII.

Stopnja intenzitete

Stopnja intenzitete - Se nanaša na lestvico intenzitete.

Intensity grade

Intensity grade - Is related to an intensity scale.

Plitev potres (0–70 km)

Shallow earthquake

Srednje globok potres (70 –300 km)

Earthquake of intermediate depth

Globok potres (> 300 km)

Deep earthquake

Magnituda

Magnituda - Stopnja nekega potresa, neodvisna od mesta opazovanja. Računana je iz meritev na seizmografih in je primerno izražena z običajnimi številkami in decimalkami, ki temeljijo na logaritmični lestvici.

Magnitude

Magnitude - A rating of a given earthquake, independent of the place of observation. It is calculated from measurements on seismographs and it is properly expressed in ordinary numbers and decimals based on a logarithmic scale.

Richterjeva lestvica

Richterjeva lestvica - Lestvica, ki jo je predlagal C.F. Richter, za opis magnitude potresa z meritvami, ki so izvedene v povsem določenih pogojih in z določenim tipom seizmografa. Ničelna točka lestvice je določena poljubno, tako da se prilagodi najmanjšim zabeleženim potresom, najvišje zabeležene potresne magnitude so blizu 8.7. To je rezultat opazovanj in ne poljubna zgornja meja, kot je to primer pri lestvici intenzitete.

Richter scale

Richter scale - A scale proposed by C.F. Richter to describe the magnitude of an earthquake by measurements made in well-defined conditions and with a given type of seismograph. The zero of the scale is fixed arbitrarily to fit the smallest recorded earth quakes. The largest recorded earthquake magnitudes are near 8.7. This is the result of observations and not an arbitrary upper limit like that of the intensity scale.

Maksimalni verjetni potres

Maksimalni verjetni potres (MCE) - Najmočnejši potres, ki se po pričakovanju lahko pojavi na lokaciji; običajno je definiran z zgornjo mejo pričakovane potresne intenzitete ali magnitude.

Maximum credible earthquake (MCE)

Maximum credible earthquake (MCE) - The most severe earthquake that can be expected to occur at the site; it is generally defined as an upper bound of expected earthquake intensity or magnitude.

Projektni potres

Projektni potres (DBE) - Potres, ki bo povzročil maksimalno gibanje tal. za katero naj bo pregrada projektirana in analizirana. Zahtevano bo, da pregrada ohrani svojo zajezbeno sposobnost, če bo podvržena taki potresni obremenitvi.

Design earthquake; design basis earthquake (DBE)

Design earthquake or Design basis earthquake (DBE) - The earthquake that will produce the maximum ground motion for which the dam should be designed and analysed. It will be required at least that the impounding capacity of the dam be maintained when subjected to the seismic load.

Obratovalni potres

Obratovalni potres (OBE) - Potres, ki predstavlja maksimalni nivo gibanja tal na lokaciji pregrade, pri katerem je sprejemljiva le manjša škoda. Pregrada pripada, pripadajoči objekti in oprema morajo ostati funkcionalni in škoda lahko popravljiva pri potresnem tresenju, ki ne presega obratovalnega potresa.

Operating basis earthquake (OBE)

Operating basis earthquake (OBE)-The earthquake representing the maximum level of ground motion at the dam site, for which only minor damage is acceptable. The dam. appurtenant works and equipment should remain functional and damage easily repairable for earthquake shaking not exceeding the operating basis earthquake.

Potres, povzročen z zajezitvijo; inducirani potres

Reservoir induced earthquake

Tsunami; morski val, povzročen s potresom

Tsunami; seismically generated sea wave

Predpotresni sunek

Foreshock

Popotresni sunek

Aftershock

Žarišče; hipocenter

Žarišče ali hipocenter - Točka v zemlji, ki je središče potresa in izvor potresnih valov.

Focus; hypocentre

Focus or Hypocentre - The point within the Earth which is the centre of an earthquake and the origin of its seismic waves.

Epicenter

Epicenter - Tista točka na zemeljski površini, ki je neposredno nad žariščem potresa.

Epicentre

Epicentre - That point on the Earth’s surface which is directly above the focus of an earthquake.

Globina žarišča

Depth of focus; focal depth

Oddaljenost žarišča

Focal distance

Potresni val; udarni val

Seismic wave; shock wave

Površinski val

Surface wave

Strižni val; transverzalni val

Shear wave

Odbiti val

Reflected wave

Spekter

Spectrum

Premikanje kontinentov

Continental drift

Tektonika plošč

Plate tectonics

Tektonski jarek

Rift

Petrografija

Petrography

Sedimentna kamnina; usedlinska kamnina

Sedimentary rock

Magmatska kamnina

Igneous rock; magmatic rock

Metamorfna kamnina

Metamorphic rock

Globočnina

Plutonic rock

Intruzivna kamnina; globočnina

Intrusive rock

Ekstruzivna hribina; predornina

Extrusive rock

Pesek

Sand

Melj

Silt

Mulj; blato

Mud

Breča

Breccia

Konglomerat

Conglomerate

Meljevec

Siltstone

Glinovec

Argillite

Peščenjak

Sandstone

Škrilavec

Shale

Ledeniški nanos; morena

Till

Filit

Phyllite

Varva (pasasta jezerska glina)

Varve (fine cyclic lake deposit)

Škrilavec

Slate

Apnenec

Limestone

Lapor

Marl

Marmor

Marble

Dolomit

Dolomite

Roženec

Chert

Sadra

Gypsum

Anhidrit

Anhydrite

Lehnjak

Tufa (from a calcareous spring)

Laterit

Laterite

Šota

Peat

Premog

Coal

Škrilavec

Schist

Gnajs

Gneiss

Kvarcit

Quartzite

Sljudni škrilavec; blestnik

Mica schist

Amfibolit

Amphibolite

Grauvaka; drobnik

Greywacke

Rogovec

Hornfels

Riolit

Rhyolite

Bazalt

Basalt

Granit

Granite

Gabro

Gabbro

Lava

Tuf (vulkanski groh)

Tuff

Milonit

Mylonite

Raziskovalni zasek

Exploratory trench

Raziskovalni jašek

Test pit

Raziskovalna vrtina

Test hole

Raziskovalni rov

Adit; drift

Geofizikalne metode

Geofizikalne metode - Načini študiranja lastnosti tal in geološke zgradbe brez jemanja vzorcev.

Geophysical methods

Geophysical methods - The means of studying soil properties and geological structure without taking samples.

Sondiranje

Sondiranje - Postopek za določitev globine ali vrste materiala.

Sounding

Sounding - Action of determining depth or nature of a material.

Udarno vrtanje

Udarno vrtanje - Postopek izdelave vrtine v tla, razen v skalo, z vrtalno opremo - v raziskovalne ali druge namene (kot npr. oskrba z vodo). Oprema v glavnem obratuje perkusijsko in uporablja svedre, rezalce gline, zajemalke in dleta.

Boring

Boring - Action of driving a hole in ground other than rock by means of a boring rig for exploratory or other purposes (such as water supply). The rig operates mainly by percussive action and uses augers, clay cutters, bailers and chisels.

Rotacijsko vrtanje

Rotacijsko vrtanje - Postopek izdelave vrtine v trda tla z vrtalno opremo - v raziskovalne ali druge namene. Oprema uporablja rotacijsko orodje, ojačeno z diamanti, trdim jeklom ali drugim trdim materialom. Rotacijsko orodje je običajno hlajeno z vodo ali zrakom, ki tudi odstranjuje vrtalni drobir.

Drilling

Drilling - Action of driving a hole in hard ground by means oi a drilling rig for exploratory or other purposes. The rig uses rotary tools armoured with diamonds, hardened steel or other hard material. The rotary tool is usually cooled by water or air which also removes the drill cuttings.

Vrtina (narejena z udarnim vrtanjem)

Vrtina - Udarno vrtana vrtina.

Borehole

Borehole - A hole driven by boring.

Vrtina (narejena z rotacijskim vrtanjem)

Vrtina - Rotacijsko vrtana vrtina.

Drillhole

Drillhole - A hole driven by drilling.

Ročno vrtanje

Auger boring

Vrtina (ročno izvrtana)

Auger hole

Vrtanje z izpiranjem

Wash drilling; water flush drilling

Jedrovanje

Coring

Intaktni vzorec

Intact sample

Neporušni vzorec

Undisturbed sample

Popis vrtine

Borehole log; drillhole log

RQD (oznaka kvalitete hribine, podana s procentom jedra, ki presega dolžino 10 cm)

Oznaka kvalitete hribine (RQD) - Indeks, ki ga dobimo, če seštevek dolžine kosov pridobljenega jedra, ki so daljši od 10 cm, delimo s celotno dolžino jedra. To je indeks pogostosti razpok.

Rock quality designation (RQD)

Rock quality designation (RQD) - Index of core recovery obtained by summing up the lengths of pieces of core longer than 10 cm and dividing this length by the total length of core. It is an index of fracture frequency.

(total percentage of pieces of drill core within a drill run which exceed 10 cm in length)